
Layers are as follows [1]
1. Data
2. Aesthetic mappings
3. Statistical transformation (stat)
4. Geometric object (geom)
5. Position adjustment
Once you get a hang of this, it becomes easy to create new plots purely from the understanding of the layers. In matplotlib or even in Seaborn, I find myself constantly Googling for examples.
ggplot2 is the most beautiful thing to happen in visualization space!
[1] Wickham, Hadley, and Carson Sievert. "4.4.1 Layers." Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Dordrecht: Springer, 2016. N. pag. Print.
It's a great way (although a little challenging at first) of being able to produce almost all of the types of plots you're interested in creating. The author of the package also wrote a great book [2] on the package which is worth a read.
A note though, most information on `ggplot2' isn't really aimed at informing you which is the most appropriate plot, merely that a type of plot can be quickly produced.
[2] http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0387981403?ie=UTF8&tag=...
Take a look at the following pages: http://had.co.nz/ggplot2/scale_datetime.html http://had.co.nz/ggplot2/geom_line.html
While not specifically inentended as a 'time-series' package, ggplot2's facilities handle time-series data well. Ggplot2 is available on CRAN (i.e. install.packages('ggplot2'); ).
In truth, you don't even have to use a special package if the 'prettiness isn't important.'
df <- data.frame( day7 = start + round(runif(100, max = 7 * 86400)), hour10 = start + round(runif(100, max = 10 * 3600)), y = runif(100) ); plot(df$day7, df$y); plot(df$hour10, df$y);
and the bay Area user's group
> To be honest, matplotlib seems a good contender to me (http://matplotlib.org/).
They're quite different, though, and I can see why many prefer ggplot. It's a declarative, domain-specific language that implements a Tufte-inspired "grammar of graphics" (hence the gg- in the name; see section 1.3 of [1], and [2,3]) for very fast and convenient interactive plotting, whereas matplotlib is just a clone of MATLIB's procedural plotting API.
[1] http://www.amazon.com/ggplot2-Elegant-Graphics-Data-Analysis...
[2] http://www.amazon.com/The-Grammar-Graphics-Statistics-Comput...