
The modern Fregean paradigm was motivated by the need for a formalism to solve mathematical problems. It was advanced from a position of complete indifference to the relationship between logic and language/grammar. However, the Aristotelian tradition that dominated logic for two thousand years before Frege is motivated explicitly by the desire to clarify, draw out, and make conspicuous the logical structures within grammar so that arguments can be better evaluated for soundness.
For a rudimentary introduction to this space, Joseph's "The Trivium: The Liberal Arts of Logic, Grammar, and Rhetoric" is a good resource. For something a bit more thorough and specifically focused on logic, Coffey's two volumes of "The Science of Logic" comes highly recommended[1][2].
[2] https://archive.org/details/thescienceoflogi01coffuoft/page/...
1. The Trivium: The Liberal Arts of Logic, Grammar, and Rhetoric : Understanding the Nature and Function of Language by Sister Miriam Joseph.
2. Introduction to Logic by Irving Copi.
3. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective by Randall Bryant and others.
5. Prolog Programming by Ivan Bratko.
6. Information Theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms by David MacKay
7. Geometry by Brennan.
8. Understanding Poetry by Robert Penn Warren and Cleanth Brookes
Another choice would be the book, 'The Trivium: The Liberal Arts of Logic, Grammar, and Rhetoric : Understanding the Nature and Function of Language' by Sister Miriam Joseph.
It attempts to cover the ground that may have been lost by those who missed out studying 'The Classics' formally, all in a single book.
Coursera's course "Learning How to Learn"
Thinking Fast and Slow, Kahneman
How to Read a Book, Adler[0]
The Trivium, Sister Miriam Joseph
How to Solve It, Polya
I'd also recommend others that have already been recommended, such as the Discourse On the Method, the logic course (which I haven't personally taken, but a logic course certainly helps enter the right frame of mind for evaluating arguements with others or yourself, ime) and of course, learning more mathematics.
[0]: There's also an excellent summary here: https://pastebin.com/wGFMM1pZ