Stats for nerds
2recommend
2mentions
2people
2013–2024years
100% recommend
Mentions per year
What Hacker News says
- If you want to go deeper into this, there is the Manual that describes the action units and how to measure them, but you'll also want to read about how specific emotions manifest in humans. For that, some other Ekman's books are useful, in no particular order:
- Unmasking the Social Engineer: The Human Element of Security by Christopher Hadnagy, Paul Kelly F. & Paul Ekman (2014)
- Unmasking the Face: A Guide to Recognizing Emotions From Facial Expressions by Paul Ekman & Wallace V. Friesen (2003)
- Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life by Paul Ekman (2003)
- Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage by Paul Ekman (1992)
- Emotion in the Human Face: Guidelines for Research and an Integration of Findings by Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen, Phoebe Ellsworth, Arnold P. Goldstein & Leonard Krasner (1972)
- What the Face Reveals: Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) (2nd Edition) by Paul Ekman, Erika L. Rosenberg (2005)
- Why Kids Lie by Paul Ekman (1989)
- Tangential, but you hit on a really fascinating field in psychology with your post.
We have these differences--linguistic, cultural, even physical characteristics--that are huge. The differences that highlight a lack of shared background/experiences/origin/etc. can be found not only to be at play between, say, native and non-native speakers of a language but even separate groups within the same culture. You see that in how we handle subjective feelings of personal space, for instance --we Americans, for instance, tend to prefer greater personal space over say Scandinavian or certain East Asian cultures. But the fascinating thing is how those expectations can shift based on region, and on an even more micro level, affluence etc.
Even when the differences are minor, such as say race and skin color, the effects can be profound. If you look into what's called the cross-race effect, you'll find a tendency to have difficulty processing faces of members of other groups. If you've ever heard anyone say "all Asians look alike" or the similar "all Westerners look alike", this effect is what's behind that sentiment. And it's universal: this processing difficulty isn't limited to any particular ethnic group. Cross-racial identification statistics for eyewitnesses prove all too well just how troubling this can be even amongst ethnic groups that are otherwise readily familiar (i.e. whites identifying blacks and vice versa). But what a lot of the current literature shows is that the rate of difficulty can decrease with familiarity that shapes how we code faces and integrate them into
Anyhow, as far as communication is concerned, it's not just verbal. On the contrary, most of our cues are distinctly non-verbal: body language, gestures, expressions, prosody, paralanguage, and a lot more. People toss around Albert Mehrabian's "93%" number a lot without considering its context (namely, his work was limited to the communication of feelings and attitudes), but the broader point is that these cues serve as a means of helping to imply meaning to the words they accompany.
Now, where the really fun stuff begins is when you start to consider the universality of some of these nonverbal cues. Particularly with the face with microexpressions: involuntary expressions lasting only a tiny fraction of a second that correspond to six basic emotions. Contrary to the idea that expressions and meaning were culturally determinate, the research is fairly overwhelming that despite differences in culture, language, and even physical face characteristics, microexpressions and the emotions represented are consistent. Rules governing those emotions are be culturally specific, but how they're expressed and the emotions themselves aren't. Back in '71, Ekman went to the Papua New Guinea to show this with the Fore people even though they had almost no direct contact with the outside world up until the fifties, and at the time Ekman went, had no access to Western media or entertainment that might have given the Fore the experience with outsiders and their facial expressions.
Related to your post, however, are the findings that show we're able to recognize these expressions by people outside our own ethnic groups. In a sense, not only are the emotions and expressions universal but so too are our ability to recognize them. Biologically determined, hardwired. So talking in person, rather than on the phone, can make all the difference in the world.
If you're curious, I'd recommend taking a look at a reprint of Ekman's Unmasking the Face and Darwin and Facial Expression: A Century of Research in Review if you're curious about some of the historical origins of the work. The latter, in particular, is truly fascinating.
