
Rate of change of a function - Derivatives - Applications and derivatives - Integration - Transcendental functions - Techniques of integration - Infinite series - Vectors - Conic sections, polar coordinates - Functions of two or more variables - Multiple integrals - Differential equations.
Later on, Tom Apostol for Real Analysis
I’ll go first:
Calculus and Analytic Geometry (1951) by George Thomas
It’s readily available for < $10 and I find it’s style much more engaging than contemporary textbooks on the same topic.
And a bonus one - when we had questions for the doctor when my wife was pregnant, I read the beginning of this and can say with reasonably certainty that I reduced the probably of some negative outcomes as a result:
Callen's Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology (Mary Norton, 2016)
I spent hours and hours studying the mathematics book we
used -- Calculus and Analytic geometry by Thomas.
We were assigned only the even-numbered problems, but I
did every single one together with the extras in the back
of the book because I felt so scared. I thought I should
do all of them. I found at first that it was very slow
going, and I worked late at night to do it. I think the
only reason I did this was because I was worried about
passing. But then I found out that after a few months I
could do all of the problems in the same amount of time
that it took the other kids to do just the odd-numbered
ones. I had learned enough about problem solving by that
time that I could gain speed, so it turned out to be very
lucky that I crashed into it real hard at the beginning.
It's important to get down a lot of hours solving problems for the express purpose of improving your mental faculties, improving working memory. So for the finite amount of time you have, what problems do you choose to work on? I think maths and calculus is a great bet. Though I'd rather suggest a young person do Spivak's Calculus as opposed to Thomas' Calculus as Knuth used. You'll notice that most of geniuses we know were spending long periods of time solving problems. I'm kind of scared that we will have less people like Knuth in our people, people who can just go and deepthink and solve _difficult_ problems. If we keep up with this meme of 'no homework' we are in danger.