
For three-semester or four-quarter courses in Calculus for students majoring in mathematics, engineering, or science Clarity and precision Thomas' Calculus: Early Transcendentals helps students reach the level of mathematical proficiency and maturity you require, but with support for students who need it through its balance of clear and intuitive explanations, current applications, and generalized concepts. In the 14th Edition, new co-author Christopher Heil (Georgia Institute of Technology) partners with author Joel Hass to preserve what is best about Thomas' time-tested text while reconsidering every word and every piece of art with today's students in mind. The result is a text that goes beyond memorizing formulas and routine procedures to help students generalize key concepts and develop deeper understanding. Also available with MyLab Math MyLab(tm) Math is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with this text to engage students and improve results. Within its structured environment, students practice what they learn, test their understanding, and pursue a personalized study plan that helps them absorb course material and understand difficult concepts. A full suite of Interactive Figures have been added to the accompanying MyLab Math course to further support teaching and learning.
I learned a lot from the Art of Problem Solving book series because they're highly focused on the reader solving problems to learn, versus giving explanations. Even if you don't finish all of it, you can strengthen any problem areas.
For a less-comprehensive but still great introduction to precalculus (with a great section on trigonometry in particular from memory), Simmons' Precalculus in a Nutshell has a great introduction to this. Then you can read a book like Thomas Calculus, which has a great introduction to trigonometry in the first review chapter.
I would even say that you would be better off working through the books above than if you had the high school classes; the best math students probably took the same approach too (working through books instead of focusing just on the class material). The main obstacle is time, because it's hard to find time when you have work and children to take care of.
It varies by school, but overall I think this prediction is incorrect. Trigonometry was an important subject in high school — for all of the math, physics, and possibly chemistry courses — and then if you take calculus in university, it's very, very important to learn trigonometry well (or you'll really struggle as a student).
So, even on the off-chance that trigonometry is not taught in high school (which I predict is rare), a first-year student taking calculus in university must learn it on their own time. Good calculus textbooks (e.g. Thomas Calculus) even account for this, having fairly comprehensive textbook sections on what you need to know about trigonometry to succeed in the calculus course.
Most students who therefore took math to pre-calculus or calculus (or physics and possibly chemistry), should therefore have a good exposure to the definition of the radian.
However I really enjoy algebraic calculus and wish somebody had taught me this in highschool https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLIljB45xT85CSlgGh3681...
Also, if you can find an ancient copy of Thomas Calculus when it was two volumes. Buy the first volume. Solve all the odd problems, the solutions are in the back. That's how I learned!
A later edition of Thomas was a single volume big thick yellowish book. It was very good. We used it as freshmen at MIT. You could learn from it. I don't remember if that version had answers in it. But solving problems and having answers to check against is key.