
"The book features a unified approach encompassing information visualization techniques for abstract data, scientific visualization techniques for spatial data, and visual analytics techniques for interweaving data transformation and analysis with interactive visual exploration. It emphasizes the careful validation of effectiveness and the consideration of function before form."
There has been excellent work on taxonomies for data visualization. Tamara Munzner's book "Visualization Analysis and Design" is a good starting point.
There has been excellent work on identifying "dimensions" or properties of data visualization. Lee Wilkinson's "Grammar of Graphics" is a landmark. You could search backward to find Bertin's Semiology of Graphics, or forward to find ongoing work like UW's Vega https://idl.cs.washington.edu/papers/vega-lite/
Some of this work might somewhat capture the properties of a periodic table to organize a catalog and even support further discovery.
You should take a look into this.
I always point people to Prof. Tamara Munzner's work[1][2] that allows you to skip over all the dead ends that people have tried over the decades and gives you a "thinking framework" on how to design visualizations.
[1] VIZBI 2011 Keynote: Visualization Principles https://vimeo.com/26205288
[2] Visualization Analysis and Design (Book) https://www.crcpress.com/Visualization-Analysis-and-Design/M...