Category theory has provided the foundations for many of the twentieth century's greatest advances in pure mathematics. This concise, original text for a one-semester course on the subject is derived from courses that author Emily Riehl taught at Harvard and Johns Hopkins Universities. The treatment introduces the essential concepts of category theory: categories, functors, natural transformations, the Yoneda lemma, limits and colimits, adjunctions, monads, and other topics. Suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in mathematics, the text provides tools for understanding and attacking difficult problems in algebra, number theory, algebraic geometry, and algebraic topology. Drawing upon a broad range of mathematical examples from the categorical perspective, the author illustrates how the concepts and constructions of category theory arise from and illuminate more basic mathematical ideas. Prerequisites are limited to familiarity with some basic set theory and logic.
I'm not joking, it's the best antidote to the thought-theft of "social media". Pick a subject in which you're interested, find a representively excellent text, and read. And then re-read, because unless you're a genius you won't absorb everything first time.
Also it's wonderful to just curl up with a book and a cup of tea and let time pass you by as you ... learn the considered thought of others! This is civilised!
Normally I'd recommend history but around these parts Category Theory in Context by Emily Riehl is probably acceptable :)
About re-reading, especially textbooks: it takes time and trouble to appreciate the difficult and often esoteric ideas represented in a text and understand the underlying deep thought. The author(s) wrote and re-wrote every damn phrase in terms of their imagined audience. The first pass yields a basic familiarity, but try every chapter again in light of the later insights.
I remember the first time I read Introduction to Metamathematics by Kleene, and I remember the fourth time so much better. I can feel the cloth binding, I can hear his voice clearly.
Introduction to Proofs:
Just pick one of these that speaks to you the most. All three are good.
Discrete Mathematics with Applications - Epp
Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications - Rosen
Mathematical Proofs: A Transition to Advanced Mathematics - Chartrand, et al.
Abstract Algebra:
How to Think about Abstract Algebra - Alcock
Abstract Algebra - Pinter
Abstract Algebra: A First Course - Saracino
Algebra - Artin
Abstract Algebra - Herstein
Abstract Algebra - Dummit & Foote
Linear Algebra:
Maybe an engineering based book first if you haven't seen linear algebra in a while (e.g. Strang or Linear Algebra: Step by Step by Singh).
Then:
Linear Algebra - Friedberg, et al
Linear Algebra Done Right - Axler
Linear Algebra - Hoffman & Kunze
Real Analysis:
How to Think About Analysis - Alcock
Understanding Analysis - Abbott
Tao's Analysis text
Principles of Mathematical Analysis - Rudin
Topology:
Topology - Munkres
Topology A Categorical Approach - Tai-Danae Bradley, Tyler Bryson, and John Terilla
Check out this list:
http://pi.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher/Other/topologybooks.pdf for others.
Category theory:
Categories and Toposes: Visualized and Explained - Southwell
Conceptual Mathematics: A First Introduction to Categories - Lawvere
Category Theory for Programmers - Milewski (if you like functional programming)
Programming with Categories - Fong, Milewski, Spivak (if you like functional programming)
Category Theory in Context - Riehl
There are a few others by Spivak which you may like.
If you don't know category theory whatsoever then I like Southwell the best (pair them up with his youtube videos). Eugenia Cheng also has a nice set of lecture videos.
If you already know math pretty well, then Riehl is a favorite.
Hope that helps!
[1] https://bartoszmilewski.com/2014/10/28/category-theory-for-p...
Edit: After the Fong & Spivak book, the book by Emily Riehl, "Category Theory in Context" is an excellent next step, although it requires some mathematical maturity.
The book does constantly reference other branches of mathematics (algebra, topology, etc) for example. Probably not strictly necessary to have that background to follow the book, but helpful.