
Here at last is a coherent, unintimidating introduction to the challenging and fascinating landscape of Western philosophy. Written expressly for "anyone who believes there are big questions out there, but does not know how to approach them," Think provides a sound framework for exploring the most basic themes of philosophy, and for understanding how major philosophers have tackled the questions that have pressed themselves most forcefully on human consciousness.
http://www.philosophybites.com/
Check out Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, which is free and edited by active research philosophers on pretty much every major topic and figure.
Naming and Necessity by Kripke is about reference and the causal theory of reference, but it assume a decent amount (in case that is what you were asking for specifically).
The Very Short Introductions series have some really good booklets if you want quick ways to jump into a topic.
A few other books:
B Russell The Problems of Philosophy. OUP (dated, but a classic general introduction)
Simon Blackburn Think. Oxford (nice general introduction)
Tim Crane The Mechanical Mind. Penguin (Nice introduction to phil of mind)
A J Ayer Language, Truth, and Logic. Penguin (dated, but a classic)
D Hume Enquiries
T Kuhn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Univ of Chicago Press
One of these things is not like the others.
This book ("Think" by Simon Blackburn) is a wonderfully readable introduction to the subject if you haven't studied philosophy before:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think:_A_Compelling_Introducti...
It's one of the books every smart person should read.
Books like "Think" by Simon Blackburn don't bother me to comment on. They are pretty light treatments of the underlying topics, but (as philosophy), they are framed as rational discourses. (Whether they are or not is a different topic).
Topics about things like emotional intelligence (EQ) or persuasion or even nudging or race-relations in the 20th century can trigger a fairly rapid group response (primarily amongst the younger co-workers), and then you get to feeling piled upon (and even cancelled) pretty quickly.
It's a new world, and I'm pretty old, and as a sit-at-my-workstation-and-code engineer, I'm guessing that I may have allowed myself to get behind the curve on normative (allowable?) social opinions.
