
The Prince (Italian: Il Principe [il ˈprintʃipe]; Latin: De Principatibus) is a 16th-century political treatise written by Italian diplomat and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli as an instruction guide for new princes and royals. The general theme of The Prince is of accepting that the aims of princes – such as glory and survival – can justify the use of immoral means to achieve those ends. From Machiavelli's correspondence, a version appears to have been distributed in 1513, using a Latin title, De Principatibus (Of Principalities). However, the printed version was not published until 1532, five years after Machiavelli's death. This was carried out with the permission of the Medici pope Clement VII, but "long before then, in fact since the first appearance of The Prince in manuscript, controversy had swirled about his writings". Although The Prince was written as if it were a traditional work in the mirrors for princes style, it was generally agreed as being especially innovative. This is partly because it was written in the vernacular Italian rather than Latin, a practice that had become increasingly popular since the publication of Dante's Divine Comedy and other works of Renaissance literature.
Cicero and Plato.
The Prince (Machiavelli)
Beyond Good And Evil (Nietzche)
A History of Western Philosophy (Russel)
The Fourth Turning (Strauss, Howe)
Also, Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius (Machiavelli) is a fascinating read on human political machinations (albeit fairly slanted by Machiavelli's personal views)
Machiavelli's "Discourses" is the one that will really confuse a reader looking to understand the colloquial meaning of "Machiavellian". In this book, Machiavelli lays out a vision of a healthy "republic" (or more precisely, res publica) which benefits the people who live in it. Among other things, Machiavelli argues that republics actually benefit from multiple competing factions, and from some kind of checks and balances. Apparently these ideas influenced several of the people who helped draft the Constitution of the United States.
Now why Machiavelli had two such different books on how governments worked is another interesting question...
