
From a review of the second edition: "This book covers many interesting topics not usually covered in a present day undergraduate course, as well as certain basic topics such as the development of the calculus and the solution of polynomial equations. The fact that the topics are introduced in their historical contexts will enable students to better appreciate and understand the mathematical ideas involved...If one constructs a list of topics central to a history course, then they would closely resemble those chosen here." (David Parrott, Australian Mathematical Society) This book offers a collection of historical essays detailing a large variety of mathematical disciplines and issues; it’s accessible to a broad audience. This third edition includes new chapters on simple groups and new sections on alternating groups and the Poincare conjecture. Many more exercises have been added as well as commentary that helps place the exercises in context.
Mathematics and Its History (Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics) 3rd ed. 2010 Edition by John Stillwell
The History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development (Dover Books on Mathematics) by Carl B. Boyer
A History of Mathematics by Carl B. Boyer
A Concise History of Mathematics: Fourth Revised Edition (Dover Books on Mathematics)A Concise History of Mathematics: Fourth Revised Edition (Dover Books on Mathematics) by Dirk J. Struik
Introduction to the Foundations of Mathematics: Second Edition (Dover Books on Mathematics) Second Edition by Raymond L. Wilder
Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times by Morris Kline (3 volume set)
The Calculus Wars: Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical Clash of All Time by Jason Socrates Bardi
There is also a "thing" in mathematics that is sometimes called the "genetic approach" where "genetic" is roughly equivalent to "historical" or maybe "developmental". IOW, a "genetic approach" book teaches a subject by tracing the development of the subject over its history. One popular book in this mold is: The Calculus: A Genetic Approach by Otto ToeplitzYou may also enjoy Proofs from THE BOOK (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-57265-8).
In my opinion, Stillwell’s book is better to read as a way to motivate a particular topic, whereas Struik’s book really tries to illustrate the arc of mathematics through history—of course, Struik’s approach has its limits.
History can motivate otherwise inscrutable or dry mathematics in a way that would probably interest many students. Why isn’t the history of math a serious part of secondary school? I don’t think US students remember that much of whatever we do teach there anyway.
[1]: https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Concise_History_of_Ma... or https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000dirk
But I've enjoyed the following texts to a larger extent than others:
- Algebra: Chapter 0 (Aluffi)
- Real Mathematical Analysis (Pugh)
- Mathematics and its History (Stillwell)
- An Introduction to Manifolds (Tu)
- Gauge Fields, Knots and Gravity (Baez)
- A First Look at Rigorous Probability Theory (Rosenthal)
- All of Statistics (Wasserman)
There are some authors I trust and am happy to buy so long as the topic vaguely interests me: VI Arnold, Tristan Needham and John Stillwell.
I really like the list put out by @enriquto in a separate comment, but I've avoided duplicating those recommendations in the list above.