
Your kid would also probably really enjoy The Number Devil, a breezy novel about a kid who gets trapped in his dreams with a devil who won't stop telling him about elementary number theory, using various dream-world props.
If you want more problems after that, there are a lot of great puzzles in Kordemsky's The Moscow Puzzles https://archive.org/details/moscowpuzzles3590000kord_m9a0, or you could take a look at Fomin, Genkin, & Itenberg's Mathematical Circles: Russian Experience which your kid could probably just about handle.
There are also some great puzzles and games explained at the website of the Julia Robinson Math Festival, https://jrmf.org which can be played with fairly basic easily available materials.
As an adult, Imre Lakatos' Proofs and Refutations gave me a much richer understanding of definitions in mathematics -- what job they're meant to do, and when it makes sense to change your definitions instead of adding premises to your theorems.
The Number Devil
Alice in Quantumland
If you can tolerate a little off color humor, any of the "Cartoon guides..." By Larry Gonick are excellent for a variety of subjects.
(If you can find old Star Wars themed software by Lucas Learning that still works, they did terrific things. Iirc, Droidworks basically taught set theory, though by example. It provided no explanation and I had to provide the explanation of set theory to my sons. But I assume it's all out of print now.)
It's a zany story, but in that respect it provides a refreshing intro into some math concepts.
In that vein, I also recommend "mathematical mindsets" [2]. A colleague developed a course inspired by this book. Though I only witnessed a tidbit, it radiated with the "new perspective/ new insights / gained understanding" that you'd get from the Feynman lectures.
Sidenote: neither is "now you know how all of maths work", but neither is Feynman thaf (foot physics). More importantly, all of them help you gain a new perspective on things.
[1] eg. https://www.bol.com/nl/p/the-number-devil-a-mathematical-adv...
[2] eg. https://books.google.nl/books/about/Mathematical_Mindsets.ht...
It depends on why you seem to be "missing" something and your post doesn't actually give any insight into what seems to be missing for you.