
"Geometry, Topology and Physics is an ideal introduction to differential geometry and topology for postgraduate students and researchers in theoretical and mathematical physics."--Jacket.
- University Physics by Young and Freedman
- Fundamentals of Physics by Halliday, Resnick, Walker
- Modern Physics by Krane
You might guess that real physics is not actually in freshman textbooks, and you are right. Modern physics requires rigorous mathematics.
For a nonrigorous introduction/overview:
- The Road to Reality by Roger Penrose
If you want to actually learn almost all of physics at a high level:
- Course of Theoretical Physics by Landau
Note that Landau is extremely difficult.
If you want to learn the math needed for modern physics (topology) in the context of physics, nonrigorously:
- Geometry, Topology, and Physics by Nakahara
If you have a background in physics then some combination of Nakahara's 'Geometry, Topology and Physics' and Baez and Muniain's 'Gauge Fields, Knots and Gravity' might be good (I haven't included relativity textbooks as I assume it you have a background in GR then you have enough differential geometry).
An unusual recommendation that I think is really nice is 'Stochastic Models, Information Theory and Lie Groups' by Chirikjian. It covers a few other topics mentioned in this thread and is really nice. It's _extremely_ concrete and spells out a lot of calculations in great detail. Plus, the connection to engineering applications is much more obvious.