
P.J. Plauger's monthly column "Programming on Purpose" has been entertaining and educating readers of Computer Language magazine for years. Now he presents a guided tour of numerous software design methods--from structured analysis and data structured design, to the myth of the "bottom-up-is-foolish" myth.
1) The Standard C Library - One of the best books to learn about industrial-strength C programming implementation techniques.
2) The C++ Standard Template Library - Similar to above but for C++ STL.
Both the above were licensed through his company Dinkumware. I had an opportunity to license, study and use them for a project and found the experience quite rewarding. It is not as complicated and relatively easier to understand than GNU libc and libstdc++. Of course i have both the books which explain the implementation.
3) His other set of interesting books are the 3-vol Programming on Purpose; a series of essays on various topics. The 1st is on Software Design, the 2nd is on Software People and the 3rd is on Software Technology. They also contain lots of nuggets of wisdom which are still relevant today. My favourite is the one on software design - https://archive.org/details/programmingonpur0000plau
Second: you're looking at a journey of continuing self-discovery. There is no "one technique fits all". Don't judge yourself for not reacting well to any particular thing; use it as a way to better understand yourself - your current strengths, your biases, your blind spots, etc. Was the thing annoyingly obvious? Did you feel like the presenter was patronising you? Did it all go 'way over your head because you couldn't work out the basic premise?
Going wide, especially while you are trying to find yourself, may help you find a thread, or a style, or a philosophy that resonates with (or delightfully challenges) you.
With that said, I am a big, big fan of Plauger's 'Programming on Purpose' books. Nothing is perfect, but he does a remarkably good job of laying out basic principles - building blocks - that can help you go from programming intuitively ("cowboy style") to making software in a deliberate and intentional way. Because the books are collections of magazine columns, they're easily digestible in small pieces - good for reading on transit, over a cup of coffee, etc.
P. J. Plauger's "Programming on Purpose" series of essays.
Purely Functional Data Structures by Chris Okasaki.
I would put both of these alongside Bentley's "Programming Pearls" books which I saw mentioned in another comment.
* The Natural History of Nonsense by Bergan Evans
* Programming on Purpose, Essays on Software Design by P. J. Plauger
* Management: A Political Activity by Ted Stephenson
* The Energy of Life: The Science of What Makes Our Minds and Bodies Work by Guy Brown
* Patterns for Time-Triggered Embedded Systems: Building Reliable Applications with the 8051 Family of Microcontrollers by Michael Pont.
* UNIX Systems for Modern Architectures: Symmetric Multiprocessing and Caching for Kernel Programmers by Curt Schimmel.
* Maxims and Reflections (Ricordi) by Francesco Guicciardini
There are a bunch more i have to root around for :-)