The textbook is quite large, but the content is very accessible. I'm also self-taught, finally taking formal math/physics coursework in my 30s to fill in the gaps.
Another amazing resource has been California Community Colleges. So far every math teacher I've had has been extraordinarily passionate. Most math classes have an async/online section, and it's pretty common for adults to take the classes just for fun/self-improvement.
Once you finish that, get to Concrete Mathematics by Donald Knuth et. al.
Otherwise, for more reading on linked lists, read through adlist.c from redis, by antirez.
Next, one of the best books (IMO) on algorithmic thinking is SICP. Get through a few chapters, do the exercises, grok recursion, etc.
In no particular order:
Algorithm Design Manual, Skiena
Algorithm Design, by Kleinberg/Tardos
Algorithms, Sedgwick 4th ed. (also Algorithms in C)
If you find you need or would like more math:
Discrete Mathematics (Epp is an easier read, Rosen seems more verbose)
Mathematical Proofs, Charrand
For interview prep:
Elements of Programming Interviews (EPI)
Designing Data Intensive Applications