.
"Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future" - http://www.amazon.com/Zero-One-Notes-Startups-Future/dp/0804...
"Republic" - http://www.amazon.com/Republic-Hackett-Classics-Plato/dp/087... (classic, feel free to grab a PDF)
"The Principia : Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" - http://www.amazon.com/Principia-Mathematical-Principles-Natu... (classic, feel free to grab a PDF)
"Thinking, Fast and Slow" - http://www.amazon.com/Thinking-Fast-Slow-Daniel-Kahneman/dp/...
"Molecular Biology of the Cell" - http://www.amazon.com/Molecular-Biology-Cell-Bruce-Alberts/d... (different edition, forgive me; free through NCBI, thanks jkimmel!)
"Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age" - http://www.amazon.com/Dealers-Lightning-Xerox-PARC-Computer/...
"The Supermen: The Story of Seymour Cray and the Technical Wizards Behind the Supercomputer" - http://www.amazon.com/Supermen-Seymour-Technical-Wizards-Sup... (note: "that one's particularly good")
"Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage: Stories" - http://www.amazon.com/Hateship-Friendship-Courtship-Loveship...
"The Score Takes Care of Itself: My Philosophy of Leadership" - http://www.amazon.com/Score-Takes-Care-Itself-Philosophy/dp/...
"The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time" - http://www.amazon.com/Beak-Finch-Story-Evolution-Time/dp/067...
"The Constitutional Convention: A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison" - http://www.amazon.com/Constitutional-Convention-Narrative-Hi...
"The Art Of War for Lovers" - http://www.amazon.com/The-ART-WAR-FOR-LOVERS/dp/0671000632 (fixed! sorry about that...)
"Hold 'em Poker: For Advanced Players" - http://www.amazon.com/Hold-em-Poker-Advanced-Players/dp/1880...
"Solution Selling: Creating Buyers in Difficult Selling Markets" - http://www.amazon.com/Solution-Selling-Creating-Difficult-Ma...
"The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition" - http://www.amazon.com/Endurance-Shackletons-Legendary-Antarc...
"Winning" - http://www.amazon.com/Winning-Jack-Welch/dp/0060753943/
I wish he had answered in text. That would have made things easier :) However, I'm still very happy to have some new additions to my reading list!
But you're entirely correct that even in those days, Aristotle wasn't some sort of incontrovertible source of truth for natural philosophy, but someone who should not be cast aside lightly.
Maths:
James Stewart's Precalculus
Spivak's Calculus
How to Solve It
Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid
I Am a Strange Loop
Introduction to Linear Algebra
Euclid's Elements
The Principia: The Authoritative Translation and Guide: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
CS:
The Algorithm Design Manual
Finish SICP
Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach
Computer Systems: A Programmer's Persepctive
C Programming: A Modern Approach, 2nd Edition
Operating Systems: 3 Easy pieces
Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment
Hacking: The Art of Exploitation
The Elements of Computing Systems: Building a Modern Computer from First Principles
Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
Lions' Commentary on Unix
TCP/IP Illustrated
Finance/Econ/Business:
Liar's Poker
Investor Z (Manga)
Trading & Exchanges
Dynamic Hedging: Managing Vanilla and Exotic Options
Python for Finance: Mastering Data-Driven Finance
Never Split the Difference: Negotiating as if Your Life Depended on it
Alpha Masters
Fooling Some of the People All of Time
Dark Pools
When Genius Failed
Advances in Financial Machine Learning
Algorithmic Trading
Other:
Getting Things Done: The Art of Stress-Free productivity
Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes
Chaos: Making a New Science
Networks, Crowds, and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World
Data and Reality: A Timeless Perspective on Perceiving and Managing Information in Our Imprecise World
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Pri...