
Computability and Logic has become a classic because of its accessibility to students without a mathematical background and because it covers not simply the staple topics of an intermediate logic course, such as Godel's incompleteness theorems, but also a large number of optional topics, from Turing's theory of computability to Ramsey's theorem. Including a selection of exercises, adjusted for this edition, at the end of each chapter, it offers a new and simpler treatment of the representability of recursive functions, a traditional stumbling block for students on the way to the Godel incompleteness theorems.
The Annotated Turing by Charles Petzold really is great. It comes up a lot on this website but it was a great follow up, a good bridge from the fun almost hack-y math to a more "serious" approach. This led me to:
Computability and Logic by George S Boolos. A standard textbook in universities across North America (and maybe further?).
In the end I didn't become a mathematician. I hardly use advanced math compared to many other engineers and scientists but the ideas have stuck with me for years, and I think my life is richer for knowing them
https://www.logicmatters.net/igt/godel-without-tears/
I found this super helpful when I was studying Gödel's theorems in grad school. (Fwiw, the 3rd edition of Boolos & Jeffrey's Computability and Logic is also great and takes a somewhat atypical approach to the proofs.)
[1] https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1556746.Computability_an...
>Group Theory
Carter - Visual Group Theory
>Complex Analysis
Needham - Visual Complex Analysis
Less confident recommendations:
>Probability
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-05-introduction-t... as a very entry level introduction. After that you might still need some textbook for more depth.
>Mathematical Logic and Godel Incompleteness Theorems
Start with ForallX by Magnus. Then continue with Computability and Logic by Boolos (don't read all chapters, check out preface to see what you need for Godel Incompleteness Theorems).
>Set Theory
Hrbacek - Introduction to Set Theory
---
I am currently developing an online course which teaches logic, set theory, and computability theory (this includes Godel Incompleteness Theorem). It uses the textbooks I've mentioned above. You can check it out at https://app.grasple.com/#/course/141?access_token=3HCK4oRipe.... Use "Fundamentals of formalization" and ignore other tracks.
From my understanding, C&L diverges from Godel's original proof technique in order to make it easier to follow, but it's much more rigorous and explicit than what you'd find in Godel, Escher, Bach or something. It's still a textbook.
[1]: https://www.amazon.com/Computability-Logic-George-S-Boolos/d...