
A comprehensive treatment of database technology, revised and expanded to reflect changes in theory and practice since the mid-1980s. Includes new chapters on logic-based systems, object-oriented systems, the first commercially available distributed database products, and an extensive revision of the relational model. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
I recommend Chris (C. J.) Dates books on databases. Introduction to Database Systems for a start.
Databases, especially relational databases, sit at the core of most business and web applications. Learning how to design, implement, and use databases effectively gives one a skill that will pay off for a long time, an entire career for some people.
I learned a big part from 'An introduction to Database Systems' from C.J.Date. The core understanding of relational databases is in there. It was at the time a book that needed cleaning up and reorganizing, but a few editions have passed by now, so maybe that has happened.
I also learned a lot of Tom Kyte's Expert 1 on 1. Beware: A huge tome, not only good for swatting flies, it can manage small rodents as well. I had the first or second edition which is probably pretty dated by now, but it is a good book to pick up the DBA attitude and learn advanced querying. If you use it as inspiration and not as a reference, it will probably still work.
Even if the 2nd book is about Oracle, I would suggest to start learning postgres, it is a cleaner, better structured database today.
Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach by Hennessy and Patterson
An Introduction to Database Systems by C.J. Date Transaction Processing: Principles and Techniques by Gray and Reuter
Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation by Hopcroft and Ullman
I suggest Introduction to Database Systems and Database in Depth, both by Chris Date.
Wikipedia has a decent article with history:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database
Before relational database systems we had a lot of proprietary setups based on disk files. There were the variants of the hashing-based Pick database. There was CODASYL, and IBM’s IMS. Relational databases pretty much replaced all of those, though Pick-style systems are still running here and there.