
In particular, students of Hindu Philosophical Schools will find lots of parallels here. Bohm was heavily influenced by Jiddu Krishnamurti which inspired his take on quantum theory.
Bohm also wrote a great book, "Quantum Theory" based on the Copenhagen Interpretation which contains separate parts on "Physical Formulation" and "Mathematical Formulation" of quantum theory.
As you say, the existence of photons wasn't immediately jumped to. All that he deduces is that energy transfer must be quantized, and this is the real insight of quantum mechanics, but it gets lost in the woo-ey clickbaity world of modern pop sci.
It was so nice to read the derivation from the point of view of a contemporary 20th century physicist, made me want to start reading a bunch of other 20th century physics papers in their original form.
The usual undergraduate textbook that people recommend is Griffiths, though I definitely disagree with its usefulness (the book often opts for doing a bunch of calculations to 'get the intuition,' as opposed to explaining some points clearly, which is fine but I dislike this approach).
If you're up for a fantastic, but quite dense, reading, Bohm's Quantum Theory holds a special place in my heart for its brilliant motivation and fairly clear exposition of foundational QM (note that it doesn't concern itself with the notion of Bohmian mechanics at all). This book sits on my bookshelf with hundreds of notes all over its pages. Of course, there is a good chunk of physics expected to be able to read this book, but you should skim it and skip to the chapters of interest as a good reference !
That said, I'm ashamed to say I've not had a copy of his book Quantum Theory in my hands. You're one of many I've seen mention it in recent times so I'll have to remedy that. :-)
Incidentally, I have read the original Aharonov–Bohm paper. Understanding that physics I reckon is crucial to getting a good handle on EM, potentials, etc.