
Synthesizing the study of cognitive science, behavioral neurology, and behavioral neuroscience, this undergraduate textbook uses clinical case studies to humanize the scientific content. Chapters cover the history of the discipline, the cellular and molecular basis of cognition, the gross and functional anatomy, methodology, perception and encoding, selective attention and orientation, learning and memory, language and the brain, cerebral lateralization and specialization, the control of action, executive functions and frontal lobes, emotion, evolution, development and plasticity, and consciousness. A glossary is provided. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.
"Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind" by Gazzaniga et al.
I don't own a physical copy of it yet (only digital), but I do have a copy of an equally outstanding book[2] called "Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain" by Bear et al. An excellent thing about this book is that each chapter has a small section called "Path to Discovery" where leading researchers on a given topic (including Nobel winners such as Eric Kandel) briefly share their story of how they arrived at their discoveries. Another excellent aspect of this book is its rich set of visual illustrations of complex topics. It makes learning a joy. I find their high price justified.
[1] https://wwnorton.com/books/9780393603170
[2] https://www.jblearning.com/catalog/productdetails/9781284211...
For neuroscience first-year grad students, the gold standard is:
http://www.amazon.com/Principles-Neural-Science-Eric-Kandel/...
The fourth edition does a good job at higher-level stuff. But be forewarned: It is biology intensive.
For less biology and more cognitive neuroscience, you can try:
http://www.amazon.com/Cognitive-Neuroscience-Second-Michael-...
or
http://www.amazon.com/Cognitive-Neuroscience-Neuropsychology...
I used the Gazzaniga when I taught Intro to Cognitive Neuroscience even as I wasn't super impressed (which is a common complaint - tolerance, not true acceptance). I know some folks like the Banich book instead.
If, with your Math background, you're interested in neural computation and modeling there are also some good books along those lines. Just let me know and I'll hunt down the links.